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Gender identities other than male or female

"Enby" and "Non-binary" redirect here. For the village in Estonia, see Einbi. For other uses, see Binary (disambiguation).

Non-binary
A genderqueer pride flag held aloft with the words "El Futuro No Es Binario - Genderqueer" written across it

A genderqueer pride flag in Valencia reading "The time to come is not binary" in Spanish
Classification Gender identity
Abbreviations Enby, NB
Subcategories Diverse, see below
Other terms
Synonyms Genderqueer
Associated terms Androgyny, queer, third gender, transgender, two-spirit
Flag

Non-binary pride flag

Flag name Non-binary pride flag
Creation 2014
Designer Kye Rowan

Non-binary [a] or genderqueer is an umbrella term for gender identities that are neither male nor female‍—‌identities that are exterior the gender binary.[ii] [3] Not-binary identities fall under the transgender umbrella, since non-binary people typically identify with a gender that is different from their assigned sexual practice,[3] though some not-binary individuals practise not consider themselves transgender.[4]

Non-binary people may identify as an intermediate or divide third gender,[5] identify with more than one gender,[six] [vii] no gender (agender), or accept a fluctuating gender identity (genderfluid).[eight] Gender identity is separate from sexual or romantic orientation,[9] and not-binary people have a diverseness of sexual orientations, just every bit cisgender people practise.[10] Being not-binary is also not the same equally being intersex; most intersex people identify every bit either male person or female.[11]

Not-binary people as a grouping vary in their gender expressions, and some may reject gender "identities" altogether.[12] Some not-binary people are medically treated for gender dysphoria with surgery or hormones, every bit trans men and trans women often are.[13]

Terms, definitions, and identities

"Bigender" redirects here. For the sexual attraction to more one gender, run into Bisexual.

A non-binary pride flag at a parade in Paris reading "Mon genre est non-binaire" ("My gender is non-binary")

The term genderqueer originated in queer zines of the 1980s as a precursor to the term not-binary.[14] Information technology gained wider employ in the 1990s among political activists,[xv] especially Riki Anne Wilchins.[sixteen] Wilchins used the term in a 1995 essay published in the showtime effect of In Your Face to depict anyone who is gender nonconforming, and identified as genderqueer in their 1997 autobiography.[17] [xviii] Wilchins was also 1 of the master contributors to the anthology Genderqueer: Voices Beyond the Sexual Binary published in 2002.[19] The cyberspace allowed the term genderqueer to spread even further than zines, and by the 2010s the term was introduced to the mainstream via celebrities who publicly identified under the genderqueer umbrella.[fifteen]

Genderqueer is often used to cocky-place past people who challenge binary social constructions of gender.[20] [ page needed ] In addition to beingness an umbrella term for non-binary gender identities, genderqueer has been used as an adjective to refer to any people who are perceived to transcend or divert from traditional distinctions of gender, regardless of their gender identity. Individuals may express gender not-normatively by not befitting into the binary gender categories of "homo" and "woman".[21]

The term genderqueer has also been applied by those describing what they encounter as gender ambiguity.[22] [ page needed ] Androgynous (also androgyne) is frequently used every bit a descriptive term for people in this category. This is considering the term androgyny is closely associated with a blend of socially defined masculine and feminine traits.[23] [ folio needed ] Still, non all genderqueer people place as androgynous. Some genderqueer people identify as a masculine woman or a feminine human being or combine genderqueer with another gender option.[24] Being non-binary is non the same as being intersex, and most intersex people place as either male or female.[eleven] Some people use enby (from the letters 'NB') as a brusque form of not-binary.[25] [26]

Many references employ the term transgender to include genderqueer/non-binary people.[12] [27] [28] This use of the word as a wide term for various kinds of gender variation dates to at least 1992 and the publication of Transgender Liberation: A Motility Whose Time Has Come up past Leslie Feinberg.[fifteen] In 1994, non-binary writer Kate Bornstein wrote that "All the categories of transgender find a mutual ground in that they each break one or more of the rules of gender: What nosotros take in common is that we are gender outlaws, every i of united states."[29] The Homo Rights Entrada Foundation and Gender Spectrum apply the term gender-expansive to convey "a wider, more flexible range of gender identity and/or expression than typically associated with the binary gender organisation".[30]

Agender people ("a-" meaning "without"), also called genderless, gender-free, non-gendered, or ungendered,[31] [32] are those who identify as having no gender or being without a gender identity.[33] [34] [35] Although this category includes a wide range of identities which do not arrange to traditional gender norms, scholar Finn Enke states that people who place with any of these positions may not necessarily self-identify as transgender.[36] Agender people accept no specific set of pronouns; singular they is typically used, simply it is not the default.[37] Neutrois and agender were two of 50 bachelor custom genders on Facebook, which were added on xiii Feb 2014.[38] Agender is as well available as a gender option on OkCupid since 17 November 2014.[39]

Bigender (as well bi-gender or dual gender) people have two gender identities and behaviors. Identifying as bigender is typically understood to mean that one identifies as both male person and female or moves between masculine gender expression and feminine gender expression, having 2 distinct gender identities simultaneously or fluctuating between them.[40] [41] [42] This is different from identifying every bit genderfluid, as those who identify as genderfluid may not get back and forth between whatsoever fixed gender identities and may experience an entire range or spectrum of identities over time.[43] [44] The American Psychological Association describes the bigender identity as function of the umbrella of transgender identities.[45] Some bigender individuals express ii singled-out personas, which may exist feminine, masculine, agender, androgyne, or other gender identities; others notice that they place every bit two genders simultaneously. A 1999 survey conducted by the San Francisco Department of Public Health observed that, among the transgender community, 3% of those who were assigned male at birth and 8% of those who were assigned female at nascency identified as either "a transvestite, cross-dresser, drag queen, or a bigendered person".[46] A 2016 Harris poll conducted on behalf of GLAAD found that 1% of millennials identify as bigender.[47] [48] Trigender people shift among male person, female person, and third gender.[49]

Demigender people identify partially or mostly with one gender and at the aforementioned time with another gender.[50] [51] There are several subcategories of the identity. A demi-boy or demi-man, for example, identifies at to the lowest degree partially with being a male child or a human being (no matter the sex and gender they were assigned at birth) and partly with other genders or with no other gender (agender). A demiflux person feels that the stable role of their identity is non-binary.[51]

Pangender (also polygender or omnigender) people have multiple gender identities.[52] Some may place equally all genders at the same time.[53]

Genderfluid people often express a desire to remain flexible almost their gender identity rather than committing to a single definition.[54] They may fluctuate among differing gender expressions over their lifetime, or limited multiple aspects of various gender markers at the same time.[54] [55] A genderfluid individual may as well place as bigender, trigender, or pangender.[6] [7] [56]

Transfeminine is a term for any person, binary or non-binary, who was assigned male at birth and has a predominantly feminine gender identity or presentation; transmasculine is the equivalent term for someone who was assigned female at birth and has a predominantly masculine gender identity or presentation.[57]

In a 1990 Indigenous LGBT gathering in Winnipeg, the term two-spirit, which refers to third-gender or gender-variant people from Indigenous North American communities, was created "to distinguish and distance Native American/Beginning Nations people from not-Native peoples".[58]

History

In 1776, the Public Universal Friend identified equally a genderless evangelist, and afterward shunned both birth name and gendered pronouns,[59] [60] an early example of an American publicly identifying as not binary.[61]

In 1781, Jens Andersson of Kingdom of norway, assigned female at birth just identifying as male person, was imprisoned and put on trial later on getting married to Anne Kristine Mortensdotter in a Lutheran church. When asked most his gender, the response was "Hand troer at kunde henhøre til begge Deele" ("He believes he belongs to both").[62]

In 2012, the Intersex & Genderqueer Recognition Project was started to advocate for expanding gender options on official documentation.[63] In 2016, James Shupe was the beginning person to take a not-binary gender on official documents in the United States.[64]

In 2015, legislator Estefania Cortes-Vargas came out as non-binary in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta during a debate over the inclusion of transgender rights in the provincial human rights code.[65]

Pronouns and titles

Pronoun pin badges from a 2016 art and tech festival

Some non-binary or genderqueer people utilize gender-neutral pronouns. In English, usage of singular "they", "their" and "them" is the about common;[66] [67] non-standard pronouns – unremarkably referred to as neopronouns[68] – such as xe, ze, sie, co, and ey are sometimes used also. Some others apply conventional gender-specific pronouns "he" or "she", alternately utilise "he" and "she", or use only their proper name and exercise not use pronouns at all.[69] Many apply additional neutral language, such as the title Mx.[70]

Legal recognition

Many non-binary/genderqueer people employ the gender they were given at birth to conduct everyday business, as many institutions and forms of identification – such every bit passports and commuter'due south licenses – only accept, in the sense of recorded recognition, binary gender identities. However, with the increasing credence of non-binary gender identities and the rise in wider societal recognition, this is slowly changing, as a greater number of governments and institutions recognize and allow non-binary identities.[2]

Multiple countries legally recognize non-binary or tertiary gender classifications. Some non-Western societies have long recognized transgender people as a third gender, though this may not (or may but recently)[71] include formal legal recognition. In Western societies, Australia may have been the first land to legally recognize a classification of sex outside of "male" and "female" on legal documentation, following the recognition of Alex MacFarlane'due south intersex status in 2003.[72] The wider legal recognition of non-binary people – following the recognition of intersex people in 2003 – in Australian law followed between 2010 and 2014, with legal action taken confronting the New South Wales Government Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages by transgender activist Norrie May-Welby to recognize Norrie's legal gender identity as "not-specific". India's Supreme Court formally recognized transgender and not-binary people as a distinct third gender in 2014, following legal action taken by transgender activist Laxmi Narayan Tripathi.[73] In July 2021, Argentina incorporated non-binary gender in its national ID bill of fare, condign the showtime country in South America to legally recognize non-binary gender on all official documentation; non-binary people in the country volition have the selection to renew their ID with the letter "X" nether gender.[74] [75]

While the United States does non federally recognize a non-binary gender, in 2016 Oregon became the commencement state to recognize a not-binary gender identity.[76] Following Oregon, in 2017 California passed an act assuasive citizens to place as "non-binary" on official documents.[76] Every bit of 2019, eight states have passed acts that permit "non-binary" or "X" designations on certain identifying documents.[76] One of the master arguments confronting the inclusion of a third gender identifier in the U.S. is that it would make law enforcement and surveillance harder, even so countries that have officially recognized a third gender marking have non reported these issues.[76] In the Usa there are no explicit laws to protect non-binary people from discrimination, however it is illegal for an employer to crave employees to arrange to sex stereotypes.[77]

Bigotry

Diverse countries throughout history take criminalized transgender and non-binary gender identities.[78] [ ameliorate source needed ]

In the United States, the bulk of respondents to the National Transgender Discrimination Survey chose "A gender non listed here". The "not listed hither" respondents were nine percentage-points (33 percent) more likely to report forgoing healthcare due to fright of discrimination than the general sample (36 percent compared to 27 percent). Ninety percent reported experiencing anti-trans bias at work, and 43 pct reported having attempted suicide.[79]

The majority of reported discrimination faced past non-binary individuals oft includes disregard, disbelief, condescending interactions, and boldness.[76] People who are non-binary are also often viewed as partaking in function of a trend and are thus deemed insincere or attending-seeking. Every bit an accumulation, erasure is often a large form of discrimination faced by not-binary individuals.[76]

Misgendering is besides a problem that many individuals face, be it intentional or unintentional. In the case of intentional misgendering, transphobia is a driving force. Likewise, the use of they/them pronouns is lumped into the larger, controversial, bailiwick of safety spaces and political correctness,[fourscore] causing push dorsum, and intentional misgendering from some individuals.

Symbols and observances

Many flags accept been used in not-binary and genderqueer communities to represent diverse identities. There are singled-out not-binary and genderqueer pride flags. The genderqueer pride flag was designed in 2011 past Marilyn Roxie. Lavander represents androgyny or queerness, white represents agender identity, and greenish represents those whose identities which are defined outside the binary.[83] [84] [85] The non-binary pride flag was created in 2014 by Kye Rowan.[86] Xanthous represents people whose gender exists exterior the binary, purple represents those whose gender is a mixture of – or between – male and female, black represents people who have no gender, and white represents those who comprehend many or all genders.[87]

Genderfluid people, who besides autumn under the genderqueer umbrella, have their ain flag every bit well. Pink represents femininity, white represents lack of gender, purple represents mixed gender or androgyny, blackness represents all other genders, and blue represents masculinity.[84] [88]

Agender people, who also sometimes identify every bit genderqueer, have their own flag. This flag uses black and white stripes to represent an absence of gender, and a green stripe to represent non-binary genders.[89]

International Non-Binary People's Day is celebrated on 14 July.[xc] [91] [92] [93]

  • Agender pride flag, made up of horizontal stripes of, from top to bottom, black, grey, white, green, white, grey, and black.

    Agender pride flag

  • Bigender pride flag, made up of horizontal stripes of, from top to bottom, pink, light pink, lavender, white, light blue, and blue.

    Bigender pride flag

  • Genderfluid pride flag, made up of horizontal stripes of, from top to bottom, pink, white, purple, black, and blue.

    Genderfluid pride flag

  • Genderqueer pride flag, made up of three horizontal stripes, which are, from top to bottom, purple, white, and green.

    Genderqueer pride flag

  • Non-binary pride flag, made up of four horizontal stripes, which are, from top to bottom, yellow, white, purple, and black.

    Non-binary pride flag

  • Upside down female symbol with an x instead of a cross.

    Non-binary gender symbol

Population figures

According to a 2021 written report past the Williams Institute, an estimated 1.two 1000000 American adults identify as non-binary, making up 11% of the LGBTQ adult population in the U.s..[96] A survey conducted in 2020 by The Trevor Project found that 26% of LGBTQ youth (ages 13–24) in the United States place as non-binary.[97] [98]

A 2019 survey of the Two-Spirit and LGBTQ+ population in Hamilton, Ontario, called Mapping the Void: Two-Spirit and LGBTQ+ Experiences in Hamilton showed that 19% of the 906 respondents identified as non-binary.[99]

A 2017 survey of Canadian LGBT+ people called LGBT+ Realities Survey found that 4% of the i,897 respondents identified as non-binary transgender and ane% identified as non-binary outside of the transgender umbrella.[100]

According to The Report of the 2015 U.Due south. Transgender Survey, 35% of the near 28,000 transgender respondents to the anonymous online survey identified every bit non-binary.[101] [102]

A 2011 survey conducted past the Equality and Human Rights Commission in the Uk plant that 0.4% of the 10,039 respondents identified every bit non-binary. Information technology does not allow inference nearly the share of not-binary people in the whole population, since the survey sample was not necessarily representative. The purpose of the survey was to test if respondents are willing to answer questions almost their transsexual status.[103] :4-5

A 2021 survey found that 0.4% of adults in Switzerland describe themselves as non-binary.[104] The survey of 2,690 Swiss residents was weighted to be cogitating of the entire population.[105]

See also

  • Genderqueer fashion
  • Gender neutrality
    • Gender-neutral language
      • Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender
      • Gender neutrality in genderless languages
      • Gender neutrality in English language
      • Gender marking in job titles
      • Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns
  • Gender variance
  • List of fictional non-binary characters
  • Listing of people with non-binary gender identities
  • Postgenderism
  • Transcending Boundaries Conference
  • Gender transitioning
  • Two-Spirit

Notes

  1. ^ Besides spelled nonbinary. The term enby, from the abbreviation "NB", is also used.[1]

References

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Further reading

  • Barker, Million-John; Scheele, Julia. (2016). Queer: A Graphic History. London: Icon Books. ISBN 978-1-78578-071-4. OCLC 939427299.
  • Bernstein Sycamore, Mattilda, ed. (2006). Nobody Passes: Rejecting the Rules of Gender and Conformity. Emeryville: Seal Printing. ISBN978-1-58005-184-two. OCLC 50389309.
  • Bornstein, Kate; Bergman, S. Bear, eds. (2010). Gender Outlaws: The Next Generation (Reprint ed.). Berkeley: Seal Printing. ISBN978-1-58005-308-ii. OCLC 837948378.
  • Fine, Cordelia (2011). Delusions of Gender: How Our Minds, Guild, and Neurosexism Create Difference (Reprint ed.). New York: West. W. Norton & Company. ISBN978-0-393-34024-2. OCLC 449865367.
  • Fineman, Martha Albertson (2013). "Feminism, masculinities, and multiple identities". Nevada Law Journal. 13 (2): sixteen.
  • Hines, Melissa (2005). Encephalon Gender. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-518836-iii. OCLC 846105995.
  • Nestle, Joan; Howell, Clare; Wilchins, Riki Anne, eds. (2002). GenderQueer: Voices from Across the Sexual Binary. Los Angeles: Alyson Books. ISBN978-1-55583-730-three. OCLC 50389309.
  • Peterson, Tim Trace; Tolbert, T. C., eds. (2013). Troubling the Line: Trans and Genderqueer Poetry and Poetics. Callicoon: Nightboat Books. ISBN978-ane-937658-10-6. OCLC 839307399.
  • Richards, C., Bouman, W. P., & Barker, Thousand.-J. (2017). Genderqueer and non-binary genders. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-51052-5. OCLC 1021393997.
  • Spotter, Ph.D. (23 July 2013). "(A) Male, (B) Female, (C) Both, (D) Neither". The Huffington Mail service. AOL. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  • Stryker, Susan; Whittle, Stephen, eds. (2006). The Transgender Studies Reader. New York]: Routledge. ISBN978-1-58005-184-ii. OCLC 50389309.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-binary_gender

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